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Three ��������Ƶ Boulder faculty are principal investigators on a to study the “critical zone”—from Earth’s bedrock to tree canopy top—in the American West.

The critical zone is Earth's permeable near-surface layer: a living, breathing, constantly evolving boundary layer where rock, soil, water, air and living organisms interact.  (Credit: Critical Zone Observatories) 

��������Ƶ Boulder will collaborate with five other universities and two federal partners, the United States Geological Survey and the Environmental Protection Agency, to better understand how water, trees, soils and rocks interact and change each other in the fire- and drought-prone landscapes of the American West. 

The researchers seek to uncover links between how water is stored and how that affects key processes in forest ecology, rock and soil chemistry and water quality. This work will also help predict how climate change might modify these interactions and change water—and therefore life in the West. 

“The critical zone is the surface of the earth that supports life,” said Holly Barnard, the lead principal investigator on the grant, associate professor of geography and fellow at the . “It very much influences our quality of life—it's responsible for both our water quantity and our water quality.” 

Joining Barnard at ��������Ƶ Boulder are principal investigators Eve-Lyn Hinckley, assistant professor in environmental studies and institute fellow at INSTAAR, and Katherine Lininger, assistant professor of geography. 

NSF developed the critical zone program 13 years ago, as a way to think about the earth sciences in an integrative and interdisciplinary way. It has since developed into —one of which was Boulder Creek in Boulder—and now the .

A precious resource, vulnerable to change

Pamela Sullivan, principal investigator and associate professor at Oregon State University, installs soil monitoring equipment at one of the sites. (Credit: Pamela Sullivan) 

A lot of dynamic water storage occurs in the critical zone, meaning it doesn’t stay in one place for long.  

“We think about dynamic storage in terms of water’s potential to do work within an ecosystem,” said Barnard. 

This work includes playing an important role in ecosystem processes such as vegetation growth, stream flows and how carbon moves through the ecosystem, according to Lininger. 

Investigating water storage and its movement from hillslopes to valley bottoms not only results in interesting research questions, but will help scientists better understand Earth's processes and the provisioning of important resources in western regions. 

An important reason for testing these theories in different locations is that dynamic water storage is really vulnerable to change and disturbances like fire, bark beetles or climate change. Examining this vulnerability is critical for understanding how water supplies might change and affect Western ecosystems, agriculture and the places we like to recreate. 

The team has chosen five locations in Colorado and California to test a variety of hypotheses about water in the critical zone. And not only from a physical perspective, but also from ecological and chemical perspectives. Some have thinner soils than others, some have more porous bedrock. 

“We're really interested to see if some of the patterns that we've observed in the Boulder Creek Watershed [already] are consistent elsewhere,” said Hinckley. 

Interdisciplinary and educational

From the beginning, this work has been designed to integrate the work of various earth science disciplines, including experts in geology to soil biogeochemistry and ecology. 

These wide-ranging experts will also be participating in an educational program at ��������Ƶ Boulder known as . This program takes students from Westview Middle School in Longmont and introduces them—many for the first time—to a university campus and working scientists. 

“Then they're tasked with , but within a fictional story,” said Barnard. “It's just super fun.”

They even have a film premiere, with awards given for best acting, best cinematography—just like a real film festival. 

One semester a year for the next five years, this project will partner with Earth Explorers to focus on critical zone science. 

“I just think it's a fantastic program. I was really thrilled to have the opportunity to integrate them into this project,” said Barnard. 

Collaborators on this grant include Alexis Navarre-Sitchler and Kamini Singha of the Colorado School of Mines; Li Li of Penn State University; Pam Sullivan of Oregon State University; Naomi Tague of the University of California Santa Barbara; Adrian Harpold of the University of Nevada – Reno; Sheila Murphy and Brian Ebel of the USGS; and Renee Brooks of the U.S. EPA.