抖阴短视频

In 1977, two NASA space probes destined to forever upend our view of the solar system launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The identical spacecraft, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, took off in in August and September 40 years ago and were programmed to pass by Jupiter and Saturn on different paths. Voyager 2 went on to visit Uranus and Neptune, completing NASA鈥檚 鈥淕rand Tour of the Solar System,鈥� perhaps the most exhilarating interplanetary mission ever flown.

抖阴短视频 Boulder scientists, who designed and built identical instruments for Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, were as stunned as anyone when the spacecraft began sending back data to Earth.

Dazzling discoveries

The discoveries dazzled scientists and the public: 23 new planetary moons at Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune; active volcanoes on Jupiter's moon, Io; Jupiter's ring system; organic smog shrouding Saturn's moon, Titan; the braided, intertwined structure of Saturn's rings; the solar system's fastest winds (on Neptune, about 1,200 mph); and nitrogen geysers spewing from Neptune's moon, Triton.

鈥淭his was a really big deal,鈥� says Professor Fran Bagenal of 抖阴短视频 Boulder鈥檚 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), a mission scientist who began working with Voyager data as a doctoral student at MIT.听鈥淭he outer solar system went from being fuzzy planets with dots for moons to a whole set of new and amazing worlds.鈥�

Forty years later, the two spacecraft are still traveling鈥攁bout a million miles per day. Although both are still in contact with scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, which is managing the mission for NASA, Voyager 1 is roughly 13 billion miles away and has punched its way into interstellar space. Voyager 2 is not far behind but on a different trajectory that will soon take it out of the cosmic neighborhood.

Seeing the light

The LASP photopolarimeter subsystem (PPS), a telescope that measured the intensity and polarization of light at different wavelengths, was used for a variety of observations. It helped scientists distinguish between rock, dust, frost, ice and meteor material. It also observed the structure of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and the properties of the clouds and atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, as well as Saturn's largest moon,听Titan.

The huge surprise at Jupiter鈥檚 moon, Io鈥攖hat a moon the size of Earth鈥檚 could have 10 times the volcanic activity of our home planet鈥攕till astonishes scientists today.

鈥淚t was really the volcanoes on Io that set me on a path of 40 years of Voyager exploration,鈥� Bagenal said. 鈥淎nd the first glimpse of the gas giants and their moons changed our view of the solar system and our understanding of how it may have formed.鈥�

Mysteries of planetary rings

鈥淰oyager was nothing less than spectacular,鈥� says LASP Professor Larry Esposito, whose team used the PPS to watch stars dip behind the rings of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. 鈥淲e were able to compare the rings of all the giant planets, looking at the structure and dynamic behavior.鈥�

One of the intriguing discoveries involving the Voyager science team was the intricate structure of Saturn's F ring鈥攁 ring Esposito discovered in 1979 using data from NASA's Pioneer 11 mission. Scientists determined the faint F ring was made up of three separate ringlets that appeared to be braided together, and that the inner and outer limits of the ring were controlled by two small moons called 鈥渟hepherd satellites.鈥�

Esposito, who chaired the Voyager Rings Science Working Group from 1984 to 1989, said density waves鈥攔ipple-like features in the rings caused by the influence of Saturn's moons鈥攁llowed the team to estimate the weight and age of Saturn's rings. Careful study indicates they might be as old as the solar system itself, said Esposito, who also is the principal investigator on a $12 million 抖阴短视频 Boulder instrument package aboard NASA's Cassini mission to Saturn, launched in 1997, which is scheduled for a successful but fiery end Sept. 15.

A look back听and forward

Charlie Hord, a former planetary scientist at LASP, remembers the heyday of Voyager. Hord, principal investigator for a time on the Voyager spacecraft LASP instruments, shook his head in wonder as he recalled some of the discoveries.

鈥淎ll of the scientists were dazzled by the pictures of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn coming back,鈥� recalls Hord, 79, who still lives in Boulder. 鈥淭o finally look at them up close was the most remarkable thing I've ever seen in my life.鈥�

In 1990, Voyager 1 turned around one last time and took a portrait of the solar system鈥攁 sequence of photos that revealed six of the nine planets in an orbital dance. From nearly 4 billion miles away, Earth took up only a single pixel.

Over its lifetime, the 抖阴短视频 Boulder PPS science team also included LASP鈥檚 Karen Simmons and Robert West. Other 抖阴短视频 Boulder scientists working with data from other instruments on Voyager include Professor Mihaly Horanyi, Associate Professor Nick Schneider and former faculty member David Grinspoon. The mission also involved contributions from a number of 抖阴短视频 Boulder undergraduate and graduate students.

Voyager鈥檚 Golden Records

On the off chance either spacecraft encounters another civilization, each is carrying what are known as the Golden Records鈥攇old-plated copper phonograph records with greetings in 54 languages; the sounds of surf, wind, thunder, birds and whales; analog photos of people and places on Earth; diagrams of DNA; and snippets of music ranging from Bach and Beethoven to Chuck Berry. Berry even played Johnny Be Goode on his guitar on the steps of JPL during the 1989 Voyager 2 Neptune encounter.

The spacecraft carries a stylus set up in the correct position so that aliens could immediately play the record, named 鈥淢urmurs from Earth鈥� by the late Carl Sagan, who conceived the Golden Record effort.

In 40,000 years, Voyager 1 will float within 9.3 trillion miles of the star AC+793888 in the constellation Camelopardalis. In 296,000 years, Voyager 2 will pass within 25 trillion miles of Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. Perhaps on the way, the spacecraft will encounter some musically inclined aliens up for a little Bach, Beethoven or Berry.

A PBS special听titled The Farthest: Voyager in Space听first aired on public television Aug. 23 and will air again on Sept. 13.