If you are a male barn swallow in the United States or the Mediterranean with dark red breast feathers, you鈥檙e apt to wow potential mates. But if you have long outer tail feathers in the United States, or short ones in the Mediterranean, the females may not be so impressed.
A new study led by the University of Colorado Boulder shows for the first time that differences in mate-choice decisions by female bird species among closely related populations can lead to the evolution of different physical traits. Such changes, the linchpin of evolution, often lead to speciation, or the formation of two or more different species from one, explains Associate Professor Rebecca Safran, lead study author.
鈥淭he new twist here is we now have experimental evidence that the evolution of trait differences in closely related populations is being driven by female choice,鈥� explains Safran of 抖阴短视频 Boulder鈥檚 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
The study involved capturing barn swallows in Colorado and Israel with large nets and using non-toxic markers, clippers and feathers to alter the color of the breast feathers and either lengthen or shorten the outer tail feathers, called streamers. Individual males were each treated with one of five different combinations of breast color and/or streamer length.
North American barn swallows are characterized by darker breast plumage and shorter streamers, while the Israel swallows have lighter breast feathers and longer streamers.
鈥淲e essentially gave the male barn swallows new outfits that mimicked the natural variation in color and streamer length in each population and asked how females responded,鈥� Safran says.
For the North American experiments, the researchers captured about 60 nesting pairs of barn swallows in and around Boulder County that had already produced eggs. Prior to altering the physical appearance of the males, the 抖阴短视频 Boulder team removed the eggs from each nest to simulate a predation event. The same experiment was conducted thousands of miles away in Israel.
The birds were then released back into the wild. As expected, nearly all of the swallow pairs produced a second clutch of eggs the same size of the first 鈥� about five eggs each. The team compared DNA from the eggs removed during the experiment to DNA of the marked males as well as fledglings that hatched after the second round of nesting.
The results? Colorado barn swallow males with artificially darkened ventral plumage and shorter streamers were most successful in reproduction, as were the barn swallows in Israel sporting darker breast feathers and longer streamer length. Reproductive success for males included measurements of the changes in a male鈥檚 paternity between the first nest and replacement nest 鈥� essentially an assessment of whether the 鈥渘ew outfits鈥� influenced the reproductive performance of males, said Safran.
听鈥淲e鈥檝e long known that ecological differences play a role in speciation, but this is the first experimental evidence to demonstrate the important role of mate selection,鈥� she says
Previous work by Safran and her team, which has included scores of 抖阴短视频 Boulder undergraduates in recent years, has shown that darker plumage on barn swallows in the United States are associated with increases in testosterone. The darker plumage color may be a signal to females that the males are competent and reliable mating partners.
While speciation is often a long and drawn out process that can take place over millions of years, Safran said one or more of the subspecies of barn swallows in the Northern Hemisphere may have evolved very recently, perhaps 10,000 years ago. It is conceivable that a new barn swallow species could evolve in just a thousand years or so, she believes.
Co-authors on the new study include former 抖阴短视频 Boulder graduate students Joanna Hubbard, Matthew Wilkins, Rachel Bradley and Brittany Jenkins.
